COURSE PROJECTED SCHEDULE

Week #1:COMPUTER USES, TERMS, ETHICS, COMPONENTS AND APPLICATIONS

Week #2: BASIC FEATURES OF INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES and KEYBOARD KEYS

Week #3: CONNECTIONS ,START-UP, MAINTENANCE AND DATA STORAGE

Week #4: WORD PROCESSING PACKAGES

Week #5: OTHER SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS

Week #6: THE INTERNET

Week #7: E-MAIL

Week #8 AND #9: KEYBOARDING PRACTICE/SURFING THE NET

Week #10: REVIEW

UNIT ONE:
Computer Uses, Terms, Ethics, Components And Applications

Section One: Current Uses of Computers in Daily Life/Education and Workplace

Computers help businesses, schools, and individuals at home to operate more efficiently. This efficiency can take the form of working more quickly, more accurately, or even in ways not previously conceived possible.

Computers are impacting our society greatly. Buying groceries at the supermarket and using an automatic banking machine require using computers. The ability to communicate from one computer to another is changing the way people live, study, and work.

Today, knowing how to use a personal computer is a basic skill that is becoming part of the literacy picture. In an increasing way, more information is available to us now via computers, so it is important to know how to access it. New applications are being developed every day for using computers. Technology has a new success story in the "computer."

Computers are used to gather, analyse, and reproduce information in organized formats. They have the capacity to store vast amounts of data in small areas and reproduce that information when it is needed. Almost fifty years ago, the few computers in existence were large, expensive machines used mostly for scientific purposes. But how the times have changed! They sit in offices, factories, homes, schools, hospitals, banks, and retail department stores.

In the home, computers can monitor and control security systems, record your personal banking and financial matters, and keep a daily agenda of your time schedule for appointments and reminders.

In the schools, computers are being introduced in the primary levels to familiarize our children with a new visual aid that presents the materials in an attractive way. Having grown up watching a television screen, many children adapt easily to viewing the computer monitor. New educational software is continually being developed to supplement academic learning curriculum at various grade levels. High schools and colleges are training students in actual application programs such as word processing, database, spreadsheets, and desktop publishing.

Section Two: Various Software Applications/ Different types of Software

The programs that are designed to carry out certain tasks for computers are called software. Various software is now available to deal with the different activities which a computer can perform. The programs are written in special languages that use letters, numbers, or codes which the computer interprets. (e.g. many computer programs are written in BASIC , FORTRAN or COBOL)

The programs can be system software which control the actual operations of the computer itself, such as DOS (Disk Operating System). System software will tell the computer how to load, store, and execute any application programs it uses.

Application software constitutes the actual programs which a company or individual may require. These application software programs tell the computer how to produce the information stored. Some samples of application software are: word processing software, electronic spreadsheet software, computer graphics software, or database software.

Word Processing Software can be used to write letters, memos and documents. It may provide the user with easy ways to add, delete, sort, or change text on screen until it is suitable, before it saves or prints the information. Word processing software prepares forms and printouts that typewriters formerly prepared. The more elaborate programs can correct spelling, change the text appearance, change margins, and even relocate entire paragraphs in the editing stage. Word processing software is popular because of its quickness in printing and its disk storage capabilities. Some examples of such software are: WordPerfect, Microsoft Word, First Choice, WordStar....

Database Software had its origins in record-keeping systems of bygone years. The need for worksheets used in classifying, calculating, and summarizing has always been strong in the accounting fields of finance. Manual systems were replaced by punch-card equipment, which have been superseded by computers. Database software will allow the user to enter, retrieve, and update data in an efficient manner. Information can be classified, sorted and produced as reports needed for managing businesses. One example of such software is: AccPac Plus, dBASE IV, Lotus Works.

In businesses, one may be faced with the question of what software should you get? Canned software is pre-written mass-market software, ready-to-use and available nationwide. Custom software is software programmed to your specifications by experienced programmers, a method usually undertaken only when it's determined that the necessary software does not exist.

Section Three: Defining Basic Computer Terminology

( ?) What is a computer?... an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory unit, that can accept input data, process it logically, and produce output results which can be stored for future use.

In General

Hardware....the physical components or equipment which make up the computer system.

Software....the programs containing instructions that tell the computer how to operate/what to do.

Computer Components

CPU....the Central Processing Unit which is the brain of the computer where memory is found. It is the control unit which executes program instructions and is the primary storage unit for data.

Monitor....the screen/video device producing a temporary display of information onscreen..

Keyboard..a device used for entering data into computer's memory for screen display.

Mouse....a pointing device used to select processing options or data displayed on the screen. The pointer of the mouse is usually in the shape of an arrow on the screen.

Printer...hardware that produces a permanent hard copy of data in a form that can be understood by the user.

Speakers...components used for audio output.

Modem....a device that allows your computer to talk to other computers over a phone line (often an internal fax modem) (You need a modem to connect your computer to phone line for Internet access.)

In businesses, one may be faced with the question of what software should you get? Canned software is pre-written mass-market software, ready-to-use and available nationwide. Custom software is software programmed to your specifications by experienced programmers, a method usually undertaken only when it's determined that the necessary software does not exist.

Section Three: Defining Basic Computer Terminology

( ?) What is a computer?... an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory unit, that can accept input data, process it logically, and produce output results which can be stored for future use.

In General

Hardware....the physical components or equipment which make up the computer system.

Software....the programs containing instructions that tell the computer how to operate/what to do.

Computer Components

CPU....the Central Processing Unit which is the brain of the computer where memory is found. It is the control unit which executes program instructions and is the primary storage unit for data.

Monitor....the screen/video device producing a temporary display of information onscreen..

Keyboard..a device used for entering data into computer's memory for screen display.

Mouse....a pointing device used to select processing options or data displayed on the screen. The pointer of the mouse is usually in the shape of an arrow on the screen.

Printer...hardware that produces a permanent hard copy of data in a form that can be understood by the user.

Speakers...components used for audio output.

Modem....a device that allows your computer to talk to other computers over a phone line (often an internal fax modem) (You need a modem to connect your computer to phone line for Internet access.)

Computer Programming Languages/Codes

ASCII Code.(pronounced ask-ee).American Standard Code for Information Interchange: the most widely used coding system used to represent data. It uses the right 7 of 8 bits in a byte in a binary number system using only 2 symbols: zero(0) and one(1).[ The "0" represents off in an open circle, and the "1" represents on in a solid circle.]

EBCDIC Code (pronounced eb-see-dick) Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code: coding system used primarily on mainframe computers using all 8 bits of a byte to represent its characters.

Printers

Daisy wheel printer...slowest printer, but of higher quality than DMP because of fully formed characters. It is easier for changing fonts, but has no graphic output.

Dot matrix printer (DMP)...bidirectional printer that is versatile and inexpensive, having 9 to 24 head pins which print a series of small dots to present data in printed format.

Ink-jet printer....printer forms letters on page by shooting tiny electrically charged droplets of ink via a nozzle. It produces hi-quality print and graphics, but cannot use multipart paper. A common problem is that the ink sometimes smears on soft, porous paper.

Laser printer...a printer using laser and photographic technology to produce high quality output.

Section Four: Ethical Issues/Health Hazards

It is essential for every computer user to recognize his/her responsibility in using software programs or accessing Internet services, sites, and people. Each user is ultimately responsible for his/her own actions. As with every other form of communication, there's a code of proper behaviour for using the computer. The computer industry is not without its own set of ethical concerns.

UNIT TWO: Basic Features Of Input/Output Devices And Keyboard Keys

Section Five: Computer Components and Connections

In a computer, there is a system unit and there are devices that are for input, output, or for storage. All of the components of the computer system equipment are known as "hardware." A general term for any device connected to the system unit is "peripheral device."

INPUT DEVICES:

These parts are used to enter data into the computer. The most common input devices are the mouse and keyboard. Most mouse pointers are in the shape of an arrow to select menu options or information on the screen. Moving the mouse pointer on the screen and pressing the mouse buttons causes input processing to occur. The keyboard consists of letter and number keys, function and control keys.

THE SYSTEM UNIT:

This is the box-like case containing the electronic circuits that cause data processing to occur. The main circuit board is called the motherboard (or system board) and it includes the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and other electronic parts. The CPU is often referred to as the processor or "brain because it executes the computer's tasking operations.

OUTPUT DEVICES:

Output devices convert the input data into a form that can be understood (visual text , printed text, or audio output.) Common output devices consist of a printer, monitor, or speakers. The printer produces a permanent copy of text and images, while the monitor only provides a temporary onscreen display (similar to a TV.)

STORAGE DEVICES:

These components store instructions and data when they aren't being used by the system unit. These devices can act as input sources when previously stored data is read into memory. The most common storage devices are called floppy disk drives, hard disk drives, or CD-ROM drives. A computer user can insert a floppy disk containing stored data into a floppy disk drive. (The most common ones are 3-l/2 "as the 5-l/4" types are becoming obsolete.) The hard disk drive contains a high-capacity disk that provides greater storage capacities than floppy disks and is found in the CPU of the computer. A CD-ROM drive uses a low-powered laser light to read data from removable CD-ROMs.(Compressed files/programs are stored in zip files/zip disks.)

COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES:

Section Six: Demonstrating Proper Use of the Mouse

Understanding how a mouse works: When you move the mouse, the ball rubs against rollers inside the mouse. One roller measures side-to-side motion and the other measures up-and-down motion. The rollers have encoder wheels with metal points which send electrical signals to the mouse software in the computer. (to determine speed and pointer style)

How to Use a Mouse Correctly: The mouse is best operated on a mouse pad (a rectangular piece of cushioned material which provides better traction than the desk top. When you move the mouse right on the surface of the pad, the pointer arrow moves right on the screen (?). The mouse usually is attached to the computer by a fine cable, but wireless mouse units also exist.

The top of the mouse contains one or more buttons. After moving the mouse pointer on the screen, you simply press, or click the mouse button. To press and release a mouse button twice without moving the mouse is called double-clicking. This process is often used to start programs or to open a document. ( The function of the buttons can be changed to accommodate right-and left-handed people. ) The main advantage of a mouse is that it is easy to use. With a little practice, you can use a mouse to point to locations on the screen just as easily as using a finger. However, it has its disadvantages: it requires empty desk space where it can be moved about, it requires you to remove a hand from the keyboard whenever the pointer is to be moved or a command given and the mouse must be cleaned to remove dust and dirt from the ball mechanism.

[ Supplementary Hands-On Practice/Assignment: Go into the game of Solitaire on the Windows menu and practice the use of the mouse in moving the cards in the game. ]

Section Seven: Understanding RAM and ROM Memory

Memory refers to the circuits which temporarily store program instructions and data. Memory chips are found on the motherboard and on other circuit boards which control computer devices such as printers.

Memory stores 3 items:

1. the operating system and system software coordinating the equipment
2. the application program instructions directing the work to be done
3. The data currently being processed by the application programs

The basic unit of memory is called a byte (consisting of 8 bits) and the size of memory is measured in kilobytes (KB = approx. 1,000 bytes), megabytes (MB=approx. 1 million bytes), or gigabytes (GB=approx. 1 billion bytes).

Three common types of memory chips are RAM, ROM, and CMOS.

RAM (random access memory) includes the chips that can be read and written by the microprocessor or other computer devices. Today, most RAM memory is installed using a SIMM (single in-line memory module) circuit board on the mother board ,having multiple RAM chips.

Section Six: Demonstrating Proper Use of the Mouse

Understanding how a mouse works: When you move the mouse, the ball rubs against rollers inside the mouse. One roller measures side-to-side motion and the other measures up-and-down motion. The rollers have encoder wheels with metal points which send electrical signals to the mouse software in the computer. (to determine speed and pointer style)

How to Use a Mouse Correctly: The mouse is best operated on a mouse pad (a rectangular piece of cushioned material which provides better traction than the desk top. When you move the mouse right on the surface of the pad, the pointer arrow moves right on the screen (?). The mouse usually is attached to the computer by a fine cable, but wireless mouse units also exist.

The top of the mouse contains one or more buttons. After moving the mouse pointer on the screen, you simply press, or click the mouse button. To press and release a mouse button twice without moving the mouse is called double-clicking. This process is often used to start programs or to open a document. ( The function of the buttons can be changed to accommodate right-and left-handed people. ) The main advantage of a mouse is that it is easy to use. With a little practice, you can use a mouse to point to locations on the screen just as easily as using a finger. However, it has its disadvantages: it requires empty desk space where it can be moved about, it requires you to remove a hand from the keyboard whenever the pointer is to be moved or a command given and the mouse must be cleaned to remove dust and dirt from the ball mechanism.

[ Supplementary Hands-On Practice/Assignment: Go into the game of Solitaire on the Windows menu and practice the use of the mouse in moving the cards in the game. ]

Section Seven: Understanding RAM and ROM Memory

Memory refers to the circuits which temporarily store program instructions and data. Memory chips are found on the motherboard and on other circuit boards which control computer devices such as printers.

Memory stores 3 items:

1. the operating system and system software coordinating the equipment
2. the application program instructions directing the work to be done
3. The data currently being processed by the application programs

The basic unit of memory is called a byte (consisting of 8 bits) and the size of memory is measured in kilobytes (KB = approx. 1,000 bytes), megabytes (MB=approx. 1 million bytes), or gigabytes (GB=approx. 1 billion bytes).

Three common types of memory chips are RAM, ROM, and CMOS.

RAM (random access memory) includes the chips that can be read and written by the microprocessor or other computer devices. Today, most RAM memory is installed using a SIMM (single in-line memory module) circuit board on the mother board ,having multiple RAM chips.

CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) memory is used to store information about the computer system.(e.g. amt. of memory, type of keyboard and monitor, type and capacity of disk drives.) CMOS operates the real-time clock which keeps track of the date and time. CMOS memory retains the stored information even when the computer's power is turned off (which is why your computer clock runs even when the computer is off.) Data in CMOS can be changed, such as when a new device is added to the computer system.

Section Eight: Various Types of Printers

Printing needs vary among computer users. The requirements may determine the choice of printer. Printers now offer varying speeds, printing methods, and capabilities. Generally, printers can be classified into 2 groups based upon how they transfer characters to the paper: impact printers or nonimpact printers.

Impact Printers: They transfer the image onto the paper by some type of printing mechanism. Some will use continuous-form paper (requiring less frequent paper changes) while others may also use single-sheet paper (which allows for quick changing of different types of paper.)

Daisy-wheel printers operated on the same idea as the typewriter with a daisy-wheel element for printing characters and are now almost obsolete in the industry.

Dot-matrix printers produce printed documents using a number of pins striking against an inked ribbon to display small dots in the form of characters. Most DMPs use a single print head that moves across the page. (Printer heads consisting of 9-pins or 24-pins are most common.) These printers can provide variable fonts and sizes and limited graphics. The speed of these printers is given in characters per second(cps) or lines per minute (lpm). Dot matrix are the least expensive printers but are less frequently used because they do not offer a high-quality output. They are popular whenever multiple-copy forms are needed. (In high-volume industry, band printers are used with interchangeable hammer bands offering different fonts and abilities to print 600-2000 lines per minute.)

Nonimpact printers: This means that printing occurs without having a mechanism striking against a sheet of paper. Often, ink is sprayed against the paper or heat and pressure are used to fuse a fine black powder into the shape of a character. They are much quieter than impact printers.

Usually this option necessitates the need for connection to a phone line. Adjacent connectors appear on the back of the CPU for "line in" and "phone". (With some modems, microphones will also be available.)

CPU Connection: Plug connection cable from back of the CPU to the power bar.

Printer Connection: (2 cords)

The power cable connects to the power bar, and the printer cable connects to the back of the CPU.

It is always advisable to run a "test run" page from your printer when first set-up. (Newer printers come with printer drivers and user help guides which you can access on the screen.)

Section 12: Basic Maintenance

Because a computer is an investment which you want to protect, it is important to properly maintain your equipment. The first step is ensuring that the power bar you use with your system has a surge protector which will prevent damage from electrical surges. (It is not necessary to run your computer, but it is strongly recommended.) It is not recommended that you use the switch on your surge protector to turn on your computer.

When choosing the location for your computer, avoid dusty areas (or buy dust covers for your components.) Make sure you have ample room for the CPU, monitor and all of the peripheral devices (keyboard, printer, mouse..) Manufacturers strongly recommend that food and drink not be consumed in close proximity to your system to avoid damage to components. (Over a period of time, your keyboard will collect dust, food, and grease particles which may cause problems with data input.)

It is a good idea to familiarize yourself with the data found in the component manuals which come with your system. They will give you pointers in "troubleshooting" situations.Your monitor may get smudges, fingerprints, or dust on the screen as you use it. Use a dry, soft rag to clean your screen. Check your cord connections periodically to prevent any bent pins, loose connections, or damaged cords. Concerning your printer, use a soft cloth moistened with water to wipe dust, smudges or stains off. The interior of the printer does not require cleaning. Change printer ribbons or print cartridges as required.

Formatting a Disk

Fingering Position of Keys

[

The middle row of alphabetic keys houses the "home key position."

Place your left hand over keys a, s, d, and f

Place your right hand over keys j, k, l, and ;

Your left thumb or right thumb (depending on preference) should rest over the space bar.

10-20 degrees

Posture Position at the Terminal

Using proper typing posture helps you to type quickly and accurately and reduces the risk of health- related problems. Here is a list of pointers to remember concerning proper positioning:

1. The front edge of keyboard should stay even with the front edge of desk.
2. Centre your body at the "J" key.
3. Feet should be flat on the floor.
4. Back should be straight (using chair with back support.)
5. Arms should be at same slant as keyboard.
6. Fingers should be curved.
7. Eyes should stay focussed on the screen.

Once you are sitting correctly at the keyboard, learning to place your fingers over the HOME ROW keys is your next goal.

Section 10: Typing drills (for key familiarity)

Hands-on Assignment: Take up your assigned position (individually or in pairs) at the computer terminals to complete components of your Computer Worksheets in the Touch Typing or All the Right Type typing programs.

UNIT THREE: CONNECTIONS, START-UP, MAINTENANCE AND DATA STORAGE

Section 11: Basic Equipment Connections

CONNECTING YOUR COMPUTER COMPONENTS:

Most computers will come with a manual which will guide you through the connection process. The general rule is: If it fits, it probably goes there! In spite of this saying, Murphy's Law sometimes does apply in the sense that "if anything can go wrong, it usually will." So, given this fact, let us go through a few basics

Power Source:

First, to help protect your computer system from sudden increases or decreases in electrical power, you should always use a "surge protector power bar." This will prevent you from using important data or files from your computer memory.

Computer Location:

Your computer should be located in a place where the cables cannot be stepped on or tripped over. Keep the computer away from rads and heat sources, and do not block cooling vents. Avoid placing loose papers underneath your computer and do not place it in a closed-in wall unit or on a bed, sofa, or rug. If at all possible, try to avoid direct sunlight from hitting the monitor of your computer by placing it away from a window, or by installing blinds to block out the light.

Keyboard and Mouse Connections:

The keyboard and mouse must plug in to the back of the CPU. The keyboard will often have a circular female pin-type of connector. (In certain computer systems, the connection spots may be colour-coded or labelled appropriately.) The mouse may have either a circular or rectangular connector, depending on the style and version used with the system.

Monitor Connection (2 cords)

On older versions, the power cable was permanently attached to the back of the monitor. In newer models, cables are removable and replaceable. The power cable is connected from the monitor to the power bar.(It is advised that you not connect this till ready to start the system.) When connecting the monitor cable to the back of the CPU, be careful to insert the connector without bending the connector pins. There will be tightening thumbscrews which will secure the cable in place on the back of the CPU.

Speaker Connections:

Usually this option necessitates the need for connection to a phone line. Adjacent connectors appear on the back of the CPU for "line in" and "phone". (With some modems, microphones will also be available.)

CPU Connection: Plug connection cable from back of the CPU to the power bar.

Printer Connection: (2 cords)

The power cable connects to the power bar, and the printer cable connects to the back of the CPU.

It is always advisable to run a "test run" page from your printer when first set-up. (Newer printers come with printer drivers and user help guides which you can access on the screen.)

Section 12: Basic Maintenance

Because a computer is an investment which you want to protect, it is important to properly maintain your equipment. The first step is ensuring that the power bar you use with your system has a surge protector which will prevent damage from electrical surges. (It is not necessary to run your computer, but it is strongly recommended.) It is not recommended that you use the switch on your surge protector to turn on your computer.

When choosing the location for your computer, avoid dusty areas (or buy dust covers for your components.) Make sure you have ample room for the CPU, monitor and all of the peripheral devices (keyboard, printer, mouse..) Manufacturers strongly recommend that food and drink not be consumed in close proximity to your system to avoid damage to components. (Over a period of time, your keyboard will collect dust, food, and grease particles which may cause problems with data input.)

It is a good idea to familiarize yourself with the data found in the component manuals which come with your system. They will give you pointers in "troubleshooting" situations.Your monitor may get smudges, fingerprints, or dust on the screen as you use it. Use a dry, soft rag to clean your screen. Check your cord connections periodically to prevent any bent pins, loose connections, or damaged cords. Concerning your printer, use a soft cloth moistened with water to wipe dust, smudges or stains off. The interior of the printer does not require cleaning. Change printer ribbons or print cartridges as required.

Formatting a Disk

Usually this option necessitates the need for connection to a phone line. Adjacent connectors appear on the back of the CPU for "line in" and "phone". (With some modems, microphones will also be available.)

CPU Connection: Plug connection cable from back of the CPU to the power bar.

Printer Connection: (2 cords)

The power cable connects to the power bar, and the printer cable connects to the back of the CPU.

It is always advisable to run a "test run" page from your printer when first set-up. (Newer printers come with printer drivers and user help guides which you can access on the screen.)

Section 12: Basic Maintenance

Because a computer is an investment which you want to protect, it is important to properly maintain your equipment. The first step is ensuring that the power bar you use with your system has a surge protector which will prevent damage from electrical surges. (It is not necessary to run your computer, but it is strongly recommended.) It is not recommended that you use the switch on your surge protector to turn on your computer.

When choosing the location for your computer, avoid dusty areas (or buy dust covers for your components.) Make sure you have ample room for the CPU, monitor and all of the peripheral devices (keyboard, printer, mouse..) Manufacturers strongly recommend that food and drink not be consumed in close proximity to your system to avoid damage to components. (Over a period of time, your keyboard will collect dust, food, and grease particles which may cause problems with data input.)

It is a good idea to familiarize yourself with the data found in the component manuals which come with your system. They will give you pointers in "troubleshooting" situations.Your monitor may get smudges, fingerprints, or dust on the screen as you use it. Use a dry, soft rag to clean your screen. Check your cord connections periodically to prevent any bent pins, loose connections, or damaged cords. Concerning your printer, use a soft cloth moistened with water to wipe dust, smudges or stains off. The interior of the printer does not require cleaning. Change printer ribbons or print cartridges as required.

Formatting a Disk

Instead of naming the next version "Windows 4.0", Microsoft named it "Windows 95 "(Win95) to indicate the year it was released. This version became an actual operating system, unlike Windows 3.x versions. Thus, Windows 95 does not require a separate version of DOS, although some DOS features are included for compatibility.

It is an improved graphical user interface which makes working with files and programs easier than earlier versions and lets most programs run faster because of newer 32-bit processors and supports. Windows 95 supports multitasking, networking and e-mail.

Windows NT

This version was named for New Technology and was a sophisticated GUI designed for client-server networks (one version was for network servers and the Workstation version was for computers connected to the network.) Windows NT Server includes tools for developing Internet Web pages and for operating a Web page server. Because this is more complex than other versions of Windows, both versions of Windows NT require more disk space, memory, and faster processors.

Windows 98

This newer version refines the look and design of Win95, offering a traditional Windows interface with new Web browsers and multimedia web pages. Icons link to other web locations, small windows display TV-style news, and animated tickers provide stock updates and ads. Updates are available by viewing Web pages. Windows 98 is easier-to-use since desktop options have been simplified. Installing new hardware or software is easier. With Windows 98, you can use digital cameras and other digital imaging devices. It has a Support Online website for answers and updates. This version of Windows has automatic maintenance and troubleshooting options. Programs open faster than ever before. The power management feature allows newer computers to go into hibernation mode and awaken instantly, instead of requiring you to shut down and restart your computer. Using the World Wide Web is easier and faster. Win 98 supports features allowing you to hold Net Meetings, hear "live" media, and play full-length digital (DVD) movies and audio discs. It even lets you hook up extra monitors to your computer for multitasking ease.

Section 15: Windows Concepts

Windows, as an operating system, is a graphical user interface (GUI) uses visual clues, such as icons to help you perform tasks. Icons are small pictures that represent actions, programs, tasks, or even documents. (e.g. an icon of a calculator represents the "numeric calculation" option.) Icons are helpful because they're easy-to-remember, use little space on-screen, and are easily understood. Under Windows there are 2 basic Icons: Group Icons (represent a set of applications that have been logically grouped together, as in "Games") and Program Icons (represent a program that is not currently running or is running minimized.)

Although Windows commands can be executed using either a mouse or the keyboard, a mouse is almost a necessity.

UNIT FOUR: WORD PROCESSING PACKAGES

The most widely used computer application is word processing. These programs allow computers to produce and modify documents such as letters, reports, memos..(consisting mainly of text.) One main advantage to word processing packages is the ease with which changes can be made. Because the document is stored electronically, you can add, delete, or rearrange words, sentences, or entire sections. When done, the document can be printed as many times as you like with each copy looking as good as the first. Using word processing software provides a more efficient way to store documents (on disks.)

Producing a document using word processing usually consists of 4 steps: creating, editing, formatting, and printing. A 5th step, saving the document, should be performed frequently throughout the process so that work will not be lost. (Most programs have an optional Auto Save feature that automatically saves open documents at specified intervals.)

Section 16: Create and save a simple document

This first step involves entering text via the keyboard while it is being displayed on the screen (showing you exactly how it will look when printed.) This capability is called "WYSIWYG" (pronounced whiz-e-wig), an acronym for "what you see is what you get."

Word wrap features provide an automatic line return when the text reaches a certain position on a line in the document, such as the right-hand margin. (Unlike a typewriter, you can continue typing without having to press a return or line feed key because the entered text automatically flows to the next line.)

Section 17: Special Features (WordPerfect examples)

There are special features which can change the look of your printed document. WordPerfect offers a variety of typing fonts (individual characters making up your document that can be altered as to typeface, type size, type style, and character spacing.) Here are just a few of the fonts available in WordPerfect Office 2000 (WP9). As you can see, the text looks very different from one to the other. Typefaces come in 3 varieties: serif, sans serif, and decorative. Serif typefaces contain fine cross strokes or feet at the extremities of each character, giving print a traditional, classy look. Times New Roman is a common example of a serif typeface.(as used in this booklet.) Sans serif typefaces have no cross strokes, so they usually have a cleaner, more modern look, as in the Arial typeface. Decorative typefaces are special designs used to give a certain effect.

Type Size varies the height of a character. A font is measured in points, (where there are 72 points in an inch). In case you're wondering, this booklet is written in a 12-point Times New Roman font. (Unit headings are in 14-point.)

Type Style refers to special attributes that can be given to the font, such as bold and italic. Other type styles/effects are underlining and some programs allow for strikeout or overstrike characters.

Character Spacing of fonts can take 2 forms: monospaced or proportional. (e.g. the Courier font will let skinny letters"i" 8, and "l" take up as much space as wider letters "y" and "w". (Courier= Willy) (Times New Roman = Willy )

Justification is a feature which allows for the alignment of each line of text. Left justification will cause your text to alight with the left margin. Right justification will allow the lines to align with the right margin. Centred justification allows all lines to be centred between the margins. Full justification has all lines in the paragraph being aligned with both left and right margins.

Spell-Check is a feature that checks and spells incorrect spellings in your text. (It often will not recognize an abbreviation or proper name.) (Available under "Tools" on WP Toolbar)

Grammatik is a grammar check feature that checks and corrects grammar and word usage.

Section 18: Retrieve, Edit, and Re-save a document

Once a document has been saved to disk, it can be retrieved at anytime and opened for use or editing. Simply click on "File", and select "Open". Then choose the disk drive and file name from the display list box given. Double-click the file you want and it will open up on your screen.

In editing your document, you must first "highlight" the text which you want to edit. This is done with the mouse by simply dragging the mouse over the characters you want. (With cursor pointing to the left of the first character, hold down the left mouse button and proceed over the text until you include the last character which you want edited.) (Formatting a document is simply changing it.)

If you wanted to copy the highlighted text to another part of your document, you simply click "Edit", then select "Copy". Your text is copied to the clipboard of the computer. Then you can move your cursor where you want to place the copy (it can even be in another file) and select "Paste" from the edit menu . A perfect copy of your original text will appear.

When you have finished making changes to your document through inserting, deleting, or moving text, you can re-save the document by clicking the "save" option under "File." It will re- save it to the original location (asking you if you want to replace the document already existing. If so, say yes. If not, you may save it in a new location by giving disk location and new name.)

OOPS!

At sometime in your computing career, usually when you least expect it, you'll have the "oops" experience. In WordPerfect, there is a wonderful helper built-in called the "Undo" button. Let's say that you have just highlighted a whole page of text that you want to copy and you strike a key on the keyboard by mistake. You will see your entire selection disappear to be replaced by the one character key you pressed. To fix the problem use the "Undo" command immediately and you will get back the information that was there before you "did what you shouldn't have done." ( The Undo command restores everything the way it was before you made your boo-boo.) To use this feature, pull down the "Edit" menu, and select "Undo". Depending on what you did, the command may even say something like "Undo paste." (Then breathe your sigh of relief.)

Section 19: Printing a document

Section 24: Educational Software

Long before personal computers became popular in homes, they were being used in schools and small businesses. Software was designed to function in the business world as well as to instruct in the educational environment. Students with handicaps and attention problems can often be aided by instruction via computers. Computers provide a tool and visual media for teaching sentence structure and usage and various other applications. Computers bring to the educational process such attributes as untiring patience, around-the-clock availability, and individualized and student-paced instruction programs.

Computers and software require courses as subjects for study. Colleges have offered computer courses for many years. Recent years have seen the arrival of thousands of computers into our high schools where course have been offered. Now, we see the computer in the elementary schools teaching basic computer literacy skills. Failure to offer computer exposure in schools today will place students at a disadvantage in future years.

The use of computers can lead to improved student performance in thinking logically, formulating problem-solving strategies, and understanding relationships. Computers in classroom settings help teachers evaluate and manage student schedules and records more effectively. Computers provide immediate feedback on student exercises and testing. Computer- assisted programs and tutorials provide ways to present new material to learners. Computers are also being used for educational simulation in various fields of science, history, forestry, and other areas of interest.

Numerous changes may be expected in the upcoming years in computer hardware and software. As capabilities increase and costs decrease, there will still always be the need for educational training concerning computers. With the changing face of the educational system, there will be ongoing development in the design of new software for use in the schools or for at- home study.

Section 25: Database, Spreadsheets and Reports

A spreadsheet is "the organization of numeric data in a worksheet/ table format." It can easily be produced by using spreadsheet software. A spreadsheet is like a notebook with up to 255 sheets. Herein, data is organized horizontally in rows, and vertically in columns. Some popular software programs are Lotus 1-2-3, Quattro Pro, AccPac Plus, and Microsoft Excel.

In these programs, columns are usually identified by a "letter" and rows are identified by a "number". Only a small fraction of the active spreadsheet may display on the screen at one time. The intersection where a column and a row meet is called a cell. (There may be more than 16 million cells for entering given data, in any spreadsheet.)

Cells may contain 3 types of data: labels (text), values (numbers), and formulas. Text or labels identify the data and help organize the worksheet. Values represent the working numbers or information presented. Formulas perform calculations on the data in the spreadsheet and display resulting values. Functions are stored formulas that perform common calculations (such as generating a value for the time or date.) Another time-saving feature available in spreadsheets is a macro (a sequence of commands and keystrokes that are recorded and saved.) When the macro is run, the sequence of commands and keystrokes is performed, hence, reducing the number of keystrokes required for frequently performed tasks. (e.g. when moving data from one spreadsheet to another or printing a portion of a spreadsheet.)

Spreadsheets are useful for calculations concerning profit, revenues, and accounting costs.

An AutoSum option on a toolbar may save a lot of time and calculation manually. One of the more powerful features of spreadsheet software occurs when the data in a spreadsheet changes, because the posting time is minimal in comparison to manual methods. (When a changed figure is entered, all other values that are affected are updated automatically.) This capability to recalculate when data is changed makes it a valuable tool for decision-making. (It's often referred to as what-if analysis because the results of different assumptions can quickly be seen.)

UNIT SIX: THE INTERNET

Section 26: Terminology on the Net and "Netiquette"

When computers were first developed, they were designed as stand-alone systems. A network is a group of computers connected by communications equipment and software. When 2 or more networks are joined together they are called an internetwork or internet. The term, the Internet describes a worldwide group of connected networks that allow public access to information and services. Some of these networks are local, others are regional, and some are national. Together, they create a global network serving millions of users. Today, even the smallest hand-held computers can communicate with other computers because of standard communications components in modern systems.

Many people are talking about the Internet and the Information Superhighway. Online services and the Internet allow you to send messages, shop, bank, invest, read magazines and news, and obtain and download research data and product information 24-hours-a-day. This aspect of communication in connection with computers comes with its own terminology.

Communications or telecommunications is simply the "transmission of data and information between 2 or more computers, using a channel such as a phone line."

The Internet or "The Net" is a worldwide group of thousands of networks which allows you to send and receive information practically instantly. The World Wide Web is the part of the Internet that supports multimedia. It is a library-like collection of documents or Web sites set up by businesses, agencies, institutions, and individuals, that you can access using the Internet and a Web Browser. The collection of hyperlinked documents accessible on the Internet has become known as the World Wide Web, WWW, W3, or simply the Web.

Drawbacks to the Internet

Though there is much educational and commercial potential for the WWW, there are concerns to be acknowledged: there is little or no censorship which means that people can access some inappropriate material. (The courts are currently examining this.) Also, there is still a lack of a systematic information system-much like a major city with everyone having a phone number, but no one having a phone book or directory assistance. This is why it is often so challenging to locate materials. Yet, as it continues, many people are building pointers to their favourite links which will eventually provide good reference materials. In addition, online services are being updated regularly, so that a number of people who move, have an active URL address one week may lead to a blind alley the next.

However, the potential gains far outweigh these problems which can be addressed as people work together to provide uniform standards. It is likely that the WWW could not be stopped at this point, even if anyone wanted to.

Windows 98 Internet Connection

Wizard The Microsoft Windows 98 operating system includes a new Internet Connection Wizard, which makes it easy for you to set up your very first connection to your ISP or online service provider. It includes a national list of ISPs and online service providers for you to choose from. The wizard automatically sets up your system to connect you to the Internet using the ISP you choose.

Section 27: Using an Internet browser

Once you are on the Internet, you find information by "browsing", often using so-called "jumping off" points. (These are hypertext links that function much like the Help facility in Windows.) Clicking on a highlighted word or image jumps you to that topic, presenting text or multimedia images and sounds.

A Web browser or simply a browser is a program that interprets and displays Web pages and enables you to link to other Web pages. Early Web browsers displayed only text documents, until 1993, when a graphical Web browser called Mosaic was created. A Web browser contains the basic software you need in order to find, retrieve, view, and send information over the Internet. (e.g. sending and receiving e-mail, reading newsgroup and chat forums, and browsing for text, graphics, and interactive information.) Some example browsers are:

Once an Internet connection is established, the browser program is started, opening at a home page. (Technically, the 1st page at a Web site is called a welcome page.) Browsers may allow you to download various software programs, see and hear live animation, concerts, and broadcasts, participate in meetings/conferences/group chats, and send family photos to another computer. You will be able to experience TV-quality video and CD-quality audio. Most web browsers support the HTML programming language which enables fast downloads.

Section 28: Using Bookmarks

There are 2 ways to keep track of Web pages you've viewed: a history list and a bookmark list. The history list records the pages you've viewed during the time you are connected to the Web( a session.) The history list is cleared when you exit your browser program. If you think you might want to return to a page in a future session, you can record its location with a bookmark. (Often, when "searching the Web", one may happen upon an interesting site which you want to frequently visit and use.)

A bookmark consists of the title of a Web page and the URL of that page. Bookmark lists can also be called hotlists or favourites. They are stored on your computer and can be used in future Web sessions by allowing you to display Web pages quickly.("by clicking its name in the list.")

To add a website page to your collection of favourites, you can bookmark that site. While you are at the page that you want to add to your collection, on the "Favourites" menu, click "Add to Favourites". Type a new name for the page if you want to or accept the default name given. To open one of your favourites, click the "Favourites" button on the toolbar and then click the page you want to open. To keep track of your favourite web pages, you can organize them into folders, by clicking the "Create In" button in the "Add to Favourites" dialogue box. (Organize them into folders by choosing "Organize favourites", then clicking " Create New Folder". You can drag the shortcuts in the list to the appropriate folders. If the number of shortcuts or folders makes dragging impractical, you can use the Move button instead.)

Section 29: Downloading and Installing Software

FTP is short for "file transfer protocol" which is a system of rules for communicating over the Internet. It allows you to 'transfer files to' and 'download files from' other computers. With many browsers (e.g. Microsoft Internet Explorer), you can download any file available on the Internet. Users should respond to any PASSWORD prompt with their e-mail address or enter GUEST if you do not have a password. (This allows the site to track the level of FTP usage.)

Whenever possible, limit downloads, especially large ones ( l Meg+) for after normal business hours. Copy downloaded files to your personal computer hard drive or disks (to remain within disk quota.)

Section 30:
Researching / Searching on the Internet and Choosing a Search Engine

Because no single organization controls the additions, deletions, and changes to Web sites, no central menu or catalogue exists for addresses and content. Several companies, however, maintain organized directories of Web sites and provide search tools to help you find information on specific topics.

A search engine (also called a search tool) is a software program that finds Web sites, Web pages, and Internet files that match one or more keywords that you enter. Some sample 'search engines' are:

Remember: Search tools/engines do not actually search the entire Internet-such a search would take an extremely long time. Instead, they search an index of Internet sites and documents that is continually updated by the company that provides the search tool.

UNIT SEVEN: E-MAIL (Electronic Mail)

Section 31: Benefits of E-mail and E-Mail Etiquette

Electronic mail, or E-mail is the electronic exchange of messages to and from other computer users. The other users may be on the same computer network or on a separate computer system reached through the use of communications equipment and software. E-mail was one of the original features of the Internet.

Each e-mail user has an electronic mail box (a file used to collect your messages on an Internet computer) with an address (usually a combination of a user name or user-ID and the domain name identifying the location of the mailbox computer) to which the mail can be sent. Your user name is a unique combination of characters identifying you. It is sometimes limited to 8 characters and often is a combination of your first and last names or a nickname that is easy to remember. It is possible to send a single message to a distribution list of 2 or more people because the software takes care of copying the message and routing it to each person on your 'send' list. Most e-mail systems have a mail-waiting alert that notifies you by a message or sound that a message is waiting to be read even if you are working in another application.

Messages can be created, sent, forwarded, stored, printed, and deleted. A user can add a reply to a received message and send the reply and a copy of the original message back to the person who sent the original message. Many ISPs and online service providers provide public e-mail services for individuals. For a small monthly fee you can receive mail from and send mail to others who have e-mail. Some offer e-mail as part of their standard service. Most Web browser software also includes e-mail capabilities. Although no complete listing of Internet E-mail addresses exists, several Internet sites list addresses collected from public sources. These sites allow you to list your e-mail address voluntarily so others can find it. (The site may ask for other information, such as your high school or college, so others can determine if you are the person they want to reach.)

E-Mail Etiquette

Because of its widespread use, some informal rules, called 'E-mail etiquette' exist:

Some E-mail Terminology

SMTP......simple mail transfer protocol (the standard rules that many e-mail clients use to handle outgoing E-mail messages.)

POP3......postoffice protocol version 3 (the standard rules that many e-mail clients use to handle incoming E-mail messages.)

MIME.....multipurpose Internet mail extensions (a format for turning an e-mail attachment, such as a Microsoft Word file, into ASCII text so it can be sent from one e-mail account to another.)

E-mail clients built on standards like SMTP and POP3 can share information with each other, so we don't all need to use the same e-mail client. (To set-up your e-mail client, you may need to know your SMTP server address and your POP3 server address. If so, your ISP can give you the information.) Some e-mail clients use programs called wizards to help you get set up.

E-Business, E-Billing

Many businesses are switching to electronic billing and payments which are proving to be more convenient and less expensive than traditional monthly statements. The shift from paper-based presentment to electronic interaction could transform biller/customer relationships.

Internet billing may very well be the future of customer service because it broadens possibilities for showcasing additional services and products in the process of billing. Hence, the bill is no longer just to obtain payment, but also to sell and market new services and products. Some banking and credit card companies are using this system.

Section 32: Creating and Sending a Message

To send a message to someone, type his/her e-mail address in the 'To' section of your e-mail message.  wherein the first part before the symbol '@' gives your logon identity, and the latter part gives the identity of your ISP. The extension '.com' indicates that Hotmail is a commercial establishment.)

E-mail addresses outside the U.S. may include letters that indicate the country of the user's ISP. ( e.g. revperry@nbnet.nb.ca )

Section 33: Creating and Sending an Attachment

You can send more than just text in your e-mail messages. You can attach computer documents (including word-processor, spreadsheet, graphic, and video files) to an e-mail message. So, e-mail is a useful way to share files. Many of the e-mail software programs allow the sender to transmit messages in HTML(hypertext markup language)

The person who receives your e-mail with an attachment can open the attachment if he/she has the program in which the attachment was created. (If not, he/she may be able to get a viewer such as Microsoft Word viewer or Microsoft Power Point viewer. A viewer contains the parts of a program needed to show a file created with the full program version.)

Writing the Subject Line in your E-mail

Subject lines are at least half the battle in e-mail promotions. Many people delete e-mails whose subject lines turn them off, without even opening the message. So, how can you make those precious few words work for you?

"Spamming" on the Internet

Under U. S. law, it is unlawful to send unsolicited advertisements. The law allows individuals to sue the sender of such illegal "junk mail" for $500 per copy, in a small claims court. This activity is termed "spamming" on the Internet. "Spamming" can cause you to get your Internet account shut down.

Spammers will use the word "you" in subject lines, making messages spam-predictors. Spamming messages are often chock full of spelling and grammatical errors, and vague and confusing statements.

The important point is this: if someone complains about subscription e-mails, it's important to remove them from the list a.s.a.p. (Mailings are always to be on a permission-basis.)

Use AND to combine terms to get fewer results. Use for different concepts.

Use OR to combine terms to get more results. Use for synonyms or similar concepts.

Use NOT to eliminate records with a particular word.